Volume 2: Character Evolution V. Drift and Inbreeding 28. Inbreeding, Finite Population Size and Gene Frequency Change Increase in Homozygosity with Inbreeding Finite Population Size and Random Genetic Drift Long-term loss of genetic variation within populations Development of between-population variance Buri's Experiment Avoidance of the loss of genetic variation Effective Population Size Monoecy Dioecy Age Structure Variable Population Size Partial Inbreeding Additional considerations 29. Changes in Variance Induced by Random Genetic Drift Within-population Variance Complications arising from nonadditive gene action Sampling error The data Between-population Variance Sampling error The data Covariance Between Inbred Relatives The Role of Polygenic Mutation Within-population variance Between-population variance Estimation of the components of polygenic mutation VI. Single Character Selection Response 30. One- and Two-Locus Selection Theory Single-locus Viability Selection Extension to multiple alleles Wright's formula Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection Heritability values for characters correlated with fitness The secondary theorem of natural selection Selection at a Quantitative Trait Locus A population-genetics derivation of the breeders' equation *Correct quadratic terms Selection on Multiple Loci 31. Short-term Mean Response: Basic Features Single-generation Response: The Breeders' Equation The importance of linearity Selection on clones *Effective selection differentials Alternative Forms of the Breeders' Equation Selection intensity version Fitness gradient versions Truncation Selection *Correcting the selection intensity for finite samples Within- and Between-family Selection Permanent Versus Transient Response Response with epistasis *Selection on autotetraploids Response due to environmental covariance *Ancestrial regressions 32. Short-term Mean Response: Additonal Topics *Selection on Threshold Characters Response with Overlapping Generations Asymptotic response *Non-asymptotic response Maternal Effects Response under Falconer's model Other models of maternal effects Inbreeding and Drift *Pure selfing Other systems of inbreeding Summary of Changes in Means Assuming Linear Regressions RRS 33. Short-term Changes in the Variance and Higher Order Moments Changes in Additive Variance Due to Gametic-phase Disequilibrium The Infinitesimal Model Changes in variance under the infinitesimal model Truncation selection models An approximate treatment of linkage *A more careful treatment of linkage Simulation results for a finite number of loci Effects of epistasis: does the Griffing effect overpower the Bulmer effect? Selection with Assortative Mating Results using the infinitesimal model Assortative mating and enhanced response Final Remarks on the Infinitesimal Model *Selection Response when Distributions are Non-Gaussian Describing the genotypic distribution The Barton-Turelli model: response ignoring linkage effects Response when gametic-phase disequilibrium is considered Alternative approaches: the Frank-Slatkin Equation Where does all this modeling leave us? 34. Analysis of Short-term Selection Experiments Realized Heritabilities Alternative estimators Control populations and alternative experimental designs Variance in Short-term Response Variance in response under different designs Standard Errors of Realized Heritability Estimates Optimal design of short-term selection experiments Experimental Evaluation of the Breeders Equation Realized heritability estimates from natural populations Asymmetric Selection Response Estimation using BLUP 35. Long-term Response: Very Large Populations Idealized Long-term Response Deterministic Single-locus Theory Long-term Selection Experiments Estimating selection limits and half-lives General features of long-term selection experiments Increases in variances and accelarated responses Linkage effects Conflicts Between Natural and Artificial Selection Accumulation of lethals in selected lines Lerner's model of genetic homoestasis Characterizing the Nature of Selection Limits 36. Long-term Response: Finite Populations Population Genetics of Selection and Drift Drift and selection at a single locus Fixation probabilities for alleles at QTL Expected allele frequnecy in a particular generation The Cohan effect: increased divergence under uniform selection Selection alters the effective population size Results for two loci: the Hill-Robertson effect Drift and Long-term Selection Response Robertson's theory of selection limits Experimental tests of Robertson's theory Optimal selection intensities The effects of linkage Extensions Involving Aspects of Population Structure Founder effects and population bottlenecks *Population subdivision Within-family selection Response due to New Mutational Input Results for the infinitesimal model *Expected asymptotic response under more general conditions *Equilibrium variances under directional selection 37. Individual Fitness and the Measurement of Univariate Selection Episodes of selection Fitness components Assigning fitness components Variance in Individual Fitness Partitioning I across episodes of selection Some caveats in using opportunity of selection Descriptions of Phenotypic Selection: Introductory Remarks Fitness surfaces Descriptions of Phenotypic Selection: Changes in Phenotypic Moments Partitioning changes in means and variances into episodes of selection Standard errors for estimates of differentials and gradients Descriptions of Phenotypic Selection: Individual Fitness Surfaces Linear and quadratic approximations of W(z) Hypothesis testing and approximate confidence intervals Schluter's cublic-spline estimate The importance of experimental manipulation VII. Multivariate Selection 38. Mathematical Tools For Multivariate Character Analysis The Geometry of Vectors and Matrices Comparing vectors: lengths and angles Matrices describe vector transformations Orthonormal matrices Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Properties of symmetric matrices Correlations can be removed by a matrix transformation Canonical axes of quadratic forms Principal components of the variance-covariance matrix The Multivariate Normal Distribution *Testing for Multivariate Normality Graphical tests: Chi-square plots Mardina's test: Multivariate skewness and kurtosis The Multivariate Breeders' Equation *Gaussian fitness functions Derivatives of Vectors and Vector-valued Functions The hessian matrix, local maxima/minima, and multidimensional Taylor series *Optimization under constraints 39. Measuring Multivariate Selection Selection on Multivariate Phenotypes: Differentials and Gradients Changes in the mean vector: the directional selection differential s The directional selection gradient \boldbeta Directional gradients, fitness surface geometry and selection response Changes in the covariance matrix: the quadratic selection differential C The quadratic selection gradient \boldgamma Quadratic gradients, fitness surface geometry and selection response Summary Multivariate Quadratic Fitness Regressions Estimation, hypothesis testing and confidence intervals Geometric aspects Unmeasured characters and other biological caveats *The bias due to environmental correlations between fitness and characters Path Analysis and Fitness Estimation 40. Multivariate Response: Changes in Means Short-Term Changes in Means: The Multivariate Breeders' Equation The effects of genetic correlations: direct and correlated responses Evolutionary constraints imposed by genetic correlations Response to artificial selection on two characters The multivariate secondary theorem of natural selection Treating Complicating Factors as Multiple Character Problems Differential selection on the sexes Maternal effects GxE Rausher's method: Removing biases due to environmental correlations Infinite-diminesimal characters 41. Multivariate Response: Changes in Covariances Short-term Changes in the Additive Genetic Covariance Matrix G Changes in G under the infinitesimal model Problems with retrospective selection analysis Long-term Response The Infinitesimal Model with Drift and Mutation Balance between directional and stabilizing selection 42. Theory and Applications of Index Selection General Theory Selection on a Linear Index *Changes in G due to index selection The Smith-Hazel index Properties of the Smith-Hazel Index Other useful results Estimated, base, and Elston indices The Hayes-Hill transformation: detecting flaws in the estimated index `Bending'' and ``rounding'' corrections of the estimated index *Extensions: Restricted, Desired-gains, and Nonlinear Indices Restricted indicies Desired-gains indicies Linear indices for nonlinear functions Summary Independent Culling, Tandem, and Multistage Index Selection Tandem selection Independent culling Selection of extremes Relative efficiencies of index selection, independent culling, and tandem selection Improving the Response of a Single Character Using a Selection Index General theory *More detailed analysis of two special cases Repeated measures of a character Selection on a ratio Using Information From Relatives General Theory BLUP versus selection index Information from a single relative Constructing selection indices when the individual itself is not measured Within and between family selection Marker-assisted selection Indirect selection on marker score: applications to sex-limited traits *Marker-assisted within- and between-family selection Marker considerations VIII. Additional Topics 43. Phenotypic Evolution Models: Ecological Applications 44. Phenotypic Evolution Models: Macroevolution and Paleobiology 45. The Maintenance of Quantitative Genetic Variability IX. Appendices A6. Diffusion Theory The Kolmogorov Forward Equation Stationary Distributions Probability of Fixation Time to Fixation Green's functions: exceptations of more general expressions Applications to Quantitative Characters A7. Kirkpatrick's Method for Infinite Dimensional Characters Literature Cited Author Index Organism Index Subject Index